What is the difference between "INNER JOIN" and "OUTER JOIN"?

Sure, here's the difference between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN:

INNER JOIN:

• Joins two tables by comparing columns with the same name.
• Returns rows where columns are present in both tables.

Outer JOIN:

• Joins two tables, but includes rows from both tables, even if there are no matching columns.

• There are three types of outer join:

  • LEFT OUTER JOIN: Includes rows from the left table, even if there are no matching columns in the right table.
  • RIGHT OUTER JOIN: Includes rows from the right table, even if there are no matching columns in the left table.
  • FULL OUTER JOIN: Includes all rows from both tables, regardless of whether they have matching columns.

Example:

INNER JOIN:

SELECT *
FROM employees
INNER JOIN departments
ON employees.department_id = departments.id

This will return employees and departments where the department ID is the same.

LEFT OUTER JOIN:

SELECT *
FROM employees
LEFT OUTER JOIN departments
ON employees.department_id = departments.id

This will return all employees, even if they don't have a department. Departments without employees will have NULL values for the department name.

Right Outer Join:

SELECT *
FROM employees
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments
ON employees.department_id = departments.id

This will return all departments, even if there are no employees in that department. Employees without departments will have NULL values for the employee name.

Full Outer Join:

SELECT *
FROM employees
FULL OUTER JOIN departments
ON employees.department_id = departments.id

This will return all rows from both tables, regardless of whether they have matching columns. Rows that don't have matching columns will have NULL values.

Here is the difference between "INNER JOIN" and "OUTER JOIN", along with explanations for LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN:

• INNER JOIN:

  • Returns rows when there is at least one match in both tables.

• OUTER JOIN:

  • Returns all rows from both tables, with matching rows from both sides where available. If there is no match, NULL values are used.

• LEFT OUTER JOIN:

  • Returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table. If there is no match, NULL values are used from the right side.

• RIGHT OUTER JOIN:

  • Returns all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left table. If there is no match, NULL values are used from the left side.

• FULL OUTER JOIN:

  • Returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables. It combines the results of both LEFT OUTER JOIN and RIGHT OUTER JOIN.

These are the main differences between the different types of joins in SQL.

Here is the solution:

INNER JOIN:

• Returns only the rows that have a match in both tables.
• If there is no match, the result is NULL.

OUTER JOIN:

• Returns all rows from one table and the matching rows from another table.
• If there is no match, the result is NULL for the second table.

Types of OUTER JOINs:

• LEFT OUTER JOIN:
  • Returns all rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right table.
  • If there is no match, the result is NULL for the right table.
• RIGHT OUTER JOIN:
  • Returns all rows from the right table and the matching rows from the left table.
  • If there is no match, the result is NULL for the left table.
• FULL OUTER JOIN:
  • Returns all rows from both tables.
  • If there is no match, the result is NULL for both tables.

Here's a simple example to illustrate the difference:

Suppose we have two tables: Customers and Orders.

Customers table:

Orders table:

INNER JOIN:

SELECT * FROM Customers
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

Result:

LEFT OUTER JOIN:

SELECT * FROM Customers
LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

Result:

RIGHT OUTER JOIN:

SELECT * FROM Customers
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

Result:

FULL OUTER JOIN:

SELECT * FROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

Result:

Here's a step-by-step explanation:

INNER JOIN

• Returns only the rows that have matching values in both tables.
• If there are no matches, the result set is empty.

OUTER JOIN

• Returns all rows from one table, and the matched rows from the other table.
• If there are no matches, the result set includes NULL values for the right table's columns.

LEFT OUTER JOIN (or LEFT JOIN)

• Similar to INNER JOIN, but returns all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right table.
• The right table's columns will contain NULL values if there are no matches.

RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or RIGHT JOIN)

• Similar to INNER JOIN, but returns all rows from the right table, even if there are no matches in the left table.
• The left table's columns will contain NULL values if there are no matches.

FULL OUTER JOIN

• Returns all rows from both tables, with NULL values in the columns where there are no matches.
• This is a combination of LEFT and RIGHT OUTER JOINS.

Sure! I'd be happy to explain the difference between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN queries in SQL, as well as describe the role of LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN.

First, let me begin with a brief explanation of what JOIN operations do in general. In SQL, a join operation combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them, producing a result set that includes data from both tables.

Now, let's dive into the specifics of INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN.

INNER JOIN: The simplest type of join operation, which returns only rows where there is a match in both tables based on their join keys. No unmatched rows are included from either table in the result set.

In other words, an INNER JOIN query searches for matching records in both tables and combines them into a single result, while ignoring any discrepancies that may exist. This is ideal when you need to find specific data from multiple tables, knowing that it exists in both table with a common key.

OUTER JOIN, on the other hand: Expands beyond just returning records with matches in both tables, and also includes records with no matching rows from one or even both of the joined tables. The two types of OUTER JOIN are LEFT OUTER JOIN and RIGHT OUTER JOIN, each returning different results:

• LEFT OUTER JOIN (also known as Left Join): This join operation returns all records from the left table (i.e., the table specified first in the query), and only those records from the right table that have a match based on their join key. If there is no matching record, then NULL values fill any columns of data from the right table in the result set. This is useful when you want to get all data from one table, but only the related data from another table if it exists.

• RIGHT OUTER JOIN (also known as Right Join): Reverse of a Left Outer Join. It returns all records from the right table, along with matching records from the left table based on their join keys. If there is no match, then NULL values are returned for the columns of data from the left table in the result set. This is helpful when you need to get all data from a given table but include all related records (if any exist) from another table as well.

Finally, there's a FULL OUTER JOIN, also known as Full Outer Join, which does precisely what both LEFT and RIGHT OUTER JOIN do together: It returns all records that have matches in either the left or right table based on their join keys. If there is no matching record from either table, then NULL values fill any columns of data not found in that respective table in the result set.

In summary:

• INNER JOIN: Returns only rows where there are matches in both tables based on their join keys. No unmatched rows are included in the result set.
• LEFT OUTER JOIN/Left Join: Returns all records from the left table and matching records from the right table (based on their join keys). If no match is found, NULL values fill any columns of data from the right table.
• RIGHT OUTER JOIN/Right Join: Returns all records from the right table along with matching records from the left table. If no match is found in the left table, NULL values will fill any columns of data from that table.
• FULL OUTER JOIN/Full Outer Join: A combination of both LEFT OUTER JOIN and RIGHT OUTER JOIN, returns all records from both tables, based on their join keys or NULL values if there is no match.

Difference between "INNER JOIN" and "OUTER JOIN":

• INNER JOIN: Retrieves records that have matching values in both tables. If there is no match, the records will not appear in the result set.

• OUTER JOIN: Retrieves records from at least one of the tables, even if there are no matching records in the other table. This includes all records from the specified table, and the matched records from the other table (or null values if there is no match).

Types of OUTER JOINs:

• LEFT OUTER JOIN (or LEFT JOIN): Retrieves all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table. The result set includes all records from the left table, and if there are no matches in the right table, the result set will contain null values for the columns from the right table.

• RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or RIGHT JOIN): Retrieves all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table. The result set includes all records from the right table, and if there are no matches in the left table, the result set will contain null values for the columns from the left table.

• FULL OUTER JOIN (or FULL JOIN): Retrieves all records when there is a match in either left or right table. The result set includes all records from both tables. If there is no match, the result set will contain null values for the non-matching table.

Visualization:

• INNER JOIN: A ∩ B (Intersection of sets A and B)
• LEFT OUTER JOIN: A ∪ B (Union of sets A and B, including all elements of A)
• RIGHT OUTER JOIN: A ∪ B (Union of sets A and B, including all elements of B)
• FULL OUTER JOIN: A ∪ B (Full union of sets A and B, including all elements of both A and B)

SQL Examples:

-- INNER JOIN
SELECT * FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

-- LEFT OUTER JOIN
SELECT * FROM table1
LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

-- RIGHT OUTER JOIN
SELECT * FROM table1
RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

-- FULL OUTER JOIN
SELECT * FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

In summary, the choice between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN depends on whether you want to include all records from one or both tables, or only those records that match in both tables. LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL OUTER JOINs provide different ways to include unmatched records from one or both tables.

Certainly! Let's dive into the differences between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN, and how the different types of OUTER JOIN fit into the picture.

1. INNER JOIN:

   • An INNER JOIN returns a result set that contains only the rows that have matching values in both tables being joined.
   • It combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them and returns a result set that contains only the matched rows.
   • The INNER JOIN operation can be written using the INNER JOIN keyword or simply JOIN keyword.
   • Example:

     SELECT customers.name, orders.order_date
     FROM customers
     INNER JOIN orders
     ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
     

2. OUTER JOIN:

   • An OUTER JOIN returns a result set that contains all rows from one table and the matched rows from the other table.
   • There are three types of OUTER JOIN:
     • LEFT OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right table.
     • RIGHT OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows from the right table and the matching rows from the left table.
     • FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows from both tables, regardless of whether there is a match or not.
   • Example:

     -- LEFT OUTER JOIN
     SELECT customers.name, orders.order_date
     FROM customers
     LEFT OUTER JOIN orders
     ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
     
     -- RIGHT OUTER JOIN
     SELECT customers.name, orders.order_date
     FROM customers
     RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders
     ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
     
     -- FULL OUTER JOIN
     SELECT customers.name, orders.order_date
     FROM customers
     FULL OUTER JOIN orders
     ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
     

The key differences between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN are:

1. Result Set: INNER JOIN returns only the rows that have matching values in both tables, while OUTER JOIN returns all rows from one table and the matching rows from the other table.

2. Handling Unmatched Rows: In an INNER JOIN, the unmatched rows from either table are not included in the result set. In an OUTER JOIN, the unmatched rows from the specified table(s) are included in the result set, with null values for the columns from the other table(s).

3. Types of Outer Joins: As mentioned, there are three types of OUTER JOIN: LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN, each with its own behavior in terms of which table's rows are included in the result set.

The choice between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN (and the specific type of OUTER JOIN) depends on the requirements of your query and the data you're working with. INNER JOIN is useful when you only want to see the matching rows, while OUTER JOIN is useful when you want to include all rows from one or both tables, even if there are no matching rows.

The main difference between an INNER JOIN and an OUTER JOIN is that an INNER JOIN only returns rows where there is a match between the joined tables, while an OUTER JOIN can return rows even if there is no match in the other table.

Let's break it down step by step:

1. INNER JOIN:

   • An INNER JOIN returns only the rows where there is a match between the joined tables based on the specified join condition.
   • If a row in one table doesn't have a matching row in the other table, it will not be included in the result set.
   • The syntax for an INNER JOIN is:

     SELECT columns
     FROM table1
     INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
     

2. OUTER JOIN:

   • An OUTER JOIN returns all the rows from one table and the matching rows from the other table. If there is no match, NULL values are returned for the columns of the non-matching table.
   • There are three types of OUTER JOINs:
     • LEFT OUTER JOIN (or simply LEFT JOIN):
       • Returns all the rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right table.
       • If there is no match in the right table, NULL values are returned for the right table's columns.
       • The syntax for a LEFT OUTER JOIN is:

         SELECT columns
         FROM table1
         LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
         

     • RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or simply RIGHT JOIN):
       • Returns all the rows from the right table and the matching rows from the left table.
       • If there is no match in the left table, NULL values are returned for the left table's columns.
       • The syntax for a RIGHT OUTER JOIN is:

         SELECT columns
         FROM table1
         RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
         

     • FULL OUTER JOIN (or simply FULL JOIN):
       • Returns all the rows from both tables, regardless of whether there is a match or not.
       • If there is no match in either table, NULL values are returned for the non-matching columns.
       • The syntax for a FULL OUTER JOIN is:

         SELECT columns
         FROM table1
         FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
         

In summary:

• INNER JOIN returns only the matching rows between the joined tables.
• LEFT OUTER JOIN returns all the rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right table, with NULL values for non-matching columns in the right table.
• RIGHT OUTER JOIN returns all the rows from the right table and the matching rows from the left table, with NULL values for non-matching columns in the left table.
• FULL OUTER JOIN returns all the rows from both tables, with NULL values for non-matching columns in either table.

The choice of join type depends on your specific requirements and the desired result set based on the relationship between the tables being joined.

The difference between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN lies in how they handle rows from the joined tables when there is no matching row in the other table.

INNER JOIN: An INNER JOIN returns only the rows from both tables where the join condition is met. In other words, it returns the intersection of the two tables based on the join condition. If a row from one table does not have a matching row in the other table, it is excluded from the result set.

Example:

SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

This query will return only the customer names and order IDs for customers who have placed orders.

OUTER JOIN: OUTER JOIN includes rows from one or both tables, even if there are no matching rows in the other table. There are three types of OUTER JOIN:

1. LEFT OUTER JOIN (or LEFT JOIN): Returns all rows from the left table (the one before the JOIN keyword), and the matching rows from the right table. If there are no matching rows in the right table, the result will contain NULL values for those columns.

Example:

SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

This query will return all customer names, and their order IDs if they have placed orders. For customers who have not placed any orders, the OrderID column will be NULL.

2. RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or RIGHT JOIN): Returns all rows from the right table (the one after the JOIN keyword), and the matching rows from the left table. If there are no matching rows in the left table, the result will contain NULL values for those columns.

Example:

SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

This query will return all order IDs, and the customer names for those orders if they exist. If an order does not have a matching customer, the CustomerName column will be NULL.

3. FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows from both tables, combining the results of LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN. If there are no matching rows in one of the tables, the result will contain NULL values for those columns.

Example:

SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

This query will return all customer names and order IDs. If a customer has no orders, the OrderID column will be NULL. If an order has no matching customer, the CustomerName column will be NULL.

In summary, INNER JOIN returns only the intersecting rows, while OUTER JOIN (including LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN) includes rows from one or both tables, even if there are no matching rows in the other table.

"INNER JOIN", "LEFT JOIN", and "RIGHT JOIN" are types of joins used in SQL to combine rows from two or more tables. However, they differ in the way they handle missing matches between the tables being joined:

1. INNER JOIN returns records that have matching values in both tables. If there is no match, it won’t return either one (this can also be called an “inner” join because it focuses on matching rows only). It's denoted by a simple keyword 'JOIN'. Example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName 
FROM Orders 
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerId = Customers.CustomerId;

2. LEFT (OUTER) JOIN returns all the rows from the left table and matches with the right table. If there is no match, it still includes the row from the left table but in columns of the matched row are populated by NULL values. An OUTER keyword 'JOIN' before LEFT means it’s an outer join. Example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName 
FROM Orders 
LEFT JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerId = Customers.CustomerId;

3. RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN is similar to the LEFT join, except it returns all rows from the right table and matches with the left table. If there's no match in the left table for a row of the right one, then that will be included in the result set but columns on matching row populated by NULL values. An OUTER keyword 'JOIN' before RIGHT means it’s an outer join. Example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName 
FROM Orders 
RIGHT JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerId = Customers.CustomerId;

4. FULL (OUTER) JOIN returns all records from both left and right tables. If there's no match, NULL is used to fill the missing values on either side of the join result set. An OUTER keyword 'JOIN' before FULL means it’s an outer join. Example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName 
FROM Orders 
FULL JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerId = Customers.CustomerId;

So to sum up, the difference is primarily about how NULL values are handled and what rows get included in the result set - all four types of join behave differently when handling missing matches between the tables being joined.

• INNER JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables involved in the join. It only shows the rows where there is a match.

• OUTER JOIN: Returns all records from one table and the matched records from the second table. If there is no match, the result is NULL on the side that does not have a match.

  • LEFT OUTER JOIN (or simply LEFT JOIN): Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table. If there is no match, the result from the right side will be NULL.

  • RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or simply RIGHT JOIN): Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table. If there is no match, the result from the left side will be NULL.

  • FULL OUTER JOIN (or simply FULL JOIN): Returns all records when there is a match in either the left or right table records. If there is no match, the result will be NULL on the side that does not have a match.

In SQL, INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them. The main difference between them lies in how they handle rows that do not have a match in the joined table.

INNER JOIN: An INNER JOIN returns only the matching rows from both tables. If there is no match in one of the tables, those rows will not be included in the result set.

For example, let's say we have two tables, Orders and Customers. The Orders table has columns OrderID and CustomerID, and the Customers table has columns CustomerID and CustomerName. An INNER JOIN query would look like this:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers
ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

This query returns only the orders that have a matching customer in the Customers table.

OUTER JOIN: An OUTER JOIN returns all rows from at least one of the tables, even if there is no match in the other table. There are three types of OUTER JOINs: LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN.

1. LEFT OUTER JOIN: A LEFT OUTER JOIN returns all rows from the left table (the one appearing before the JOIN keyword) and matching rows from the right table. If there is no match in the right table, NULL values will be displayed for the right table's columns.

Example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName
FROM Orders
LEFT OUTER JOIN Customers
ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

This query returns all orders, including those with no matching customer in the Customers table.

2. RIGHT OUTER JOIN: A RIGHT OUTER JOIN is similar to a LEFT OUTER JOIN, but with the tables reversed. It returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table. If there is no match in the left table, NULL values will be displayed for the left table's columns.

Example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName
FROM Orders
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Customers
ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

This query returns all customers, including those with no matching order in the Orders table.

3. FULL OUTER JOIN: A FULL OUTER JOIN returns all rows from both tables, regardless of whether there is a match. If there is no match in one of the tables, NULL values will be displayed for the missing table's columns.

Example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName
FROM Orders
FULL OUTER JOIN Customers
ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

This query returns all orders and all customers, with NULL values for orders with no matching customer and customers with no matching order.

To summarize, INNER JOIN returns only matched rows, while OUTER JOINs return matched rows and unmatched rows from one or both tables. The type of OUTER JOIN used (LEFT, RIGHT, or FULL) determines which table's unmatched rows are returned.

Assuming you're joining on columns with no duplicates, which is a very common case:

• An inner join of A and B gives the result of A intersect B, i.e. the inner part of a Venn diagram intersection.- An outer join of A and B gives the results of A union B, i.e. the outer parts of a Venn diagram union.

Suppose you have two tables, with a single column each, and data as follows:

A    B
-    -
1    3
2    4
3    5
4    6

Note that (1,2) are unique to A, (3,4) are common, and (5,6) are unique to B.

An inner join using either of the equivalent queries gives the intersection of the two tables, i.e. the two rows they have in common.

select * from a INNER JOIN b on a.a = b.b;
select a.*, b.*  from a,b where a.a = b.b;

a | b
--+--
3 | 3
4 | 4

A left outer join will give all rows in A, plus any common rows in B.

select * from a LEFT OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b;
select a.*, b.*  from a,b where a.a = b.b(+);

a |  b
--+-----
1 | null
2 | null
3 |    3
4 |    4

A right outer join will give all rows in B, plus any common rows in A.

select * from a RIGHT OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b;
select a.*, b.*  from a,b where a.a(+) = b.b;

a    |  b
-----+----
3    |  3
4    |  4
null |  5
null |  6

A full outer join will give you the union of A and B, i.e. all the rows in A and all the rows in B. If something in A doesn't have a corresponding datum in B, then the B portion is null, and vice versa.

select * from a FULL OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b;

 a   |  b
-----+-----
   1 | null
   2 | null
   3 |    3
   4 |    4
null |    6
null |    5

Sure, I can help you understand the differences between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN. INNER JOIN:

INNER JOIN returns only those rows where there is a match in both tables being joined. The result of an INNER JOIN is always unique. Example: Suppose we have two tables: Customers and Orders. The Customers table contains customer information such as name, address, phone number etc., whereas the Orders table contains order information such as order ID, order date, product name etc. We can use INNER JOIN to get a list of customers who placed orders within a specific time frame. Code Example:

SELECT Customers.Name 
FROM Customers 
INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
WHERE Orders.OrderDate BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2021-12-31'

OUTER JOIN:

OUTER JOIN returns all the rows from both tables being joined, regardless of whether a match is found or not. In other words, an OUTER JOIN ensures that every record from one table will be returned, along with any records from the second table that have matching values in the first table. Example: Suppose we have two tables: Customers and Orders. The Customers table contains customer information such as name, address, phone number etc., whereas the Orders table contains order information such as order ID, order date, product name etc. We can use OUTER JOIN to get a list of customers who placed orders within a specific time frame, along with any records from the Orders table that have matching values in the Customers table. Code Example:

SELECT Customers.Name 
FROM Customers 
LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
WHERE Orders.OrderDate BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2021-12-31'

RIGHT OUTER JOIN:

RIGHT OUTER JOIN returns all the rows from both tables being joined, regardless of whether a match is found or not. In other words, an RIGHT OUTER JOIN ensures that every record from one table will be returned, along with any records from the second table that have matching values in the first table. Example: Suppose we have two tables: Customers and Orders. The Customers table contains customer information such as name, address, phone number etc., whereas the Orders table contains order information such as order ID, order date, product name etc. We can use RIGHT OUTER JOIN to get a list of customers who placed orders within a specific time frame, along with any records from the Orders table that have matching values in the Customers table. Code Example:

SELECT Customers.Name 
FROM Customers 
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
WHERE Orders.OrderDate BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2021-12-31'

FULL OUTER JOIN:

FULL OUTER JOIN returns all the rows from both tables being joined, regardless of whether a match is found or not. In other words, a FULL OUTER JOIN ensures that every record from one table will be returned, along with any records from the second table that have matching values in the first table. Example: Suppose we have two tables: Customers and Orders. The Customers table contains customer information such as name, address, phone number etc., whereas the Orders table contains order information such as order ID, order date, product name etc. We can use FULL OUTER JOIN to get a list of customers who placed orders within a specific time frame, along with any records from the Orders table that have matching values in the Customers table. Code Example:

SELECT Customers.Name 
FROM Customers 
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
WHERE Orders.OrderDate BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2021-12-31'

I hope this helps!

Assuming you're joining on columns with no duplicates, which is a very common case:

• An inner join of A and B gives the result of A intersect B, i.e. the inner part of a Venn diagram intersection.- An outer join of A and B gives the results of A union B, i.e. the outer parts of a Venn diagram union.

Suppose you have two tables, with a single column each, and data as follows:

A    B
-    -
1    3
2    4
3    5
4    6

Note that (1,2) are unique to A, (3,4) are common, and (5,6) are unique to B.

An inner join using either of the equivalent queries gives the intersection of the two tables, i.e. the two rows they have in common.

select * from a INNER JOIN b on a.a = b.b;
select a.*, b.*  from a,b where a.a = b.b;

a | b
--+--
3 | 3
4 | 4

A left outer join will give all rows in A, plus any common rows in B.

select * from a LEFT OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b;
select a.*, b.*  from a,b where a.a = b.b(+);

a |  b
--+-----
1 | null
2 | null
3 |    3
4 |    4

A right outer join will give all rows in B, plus any common rows in A.

select * from a RIGHT OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b;
select a.*, b.*  from a,b where a.a(+) = b.b;

a    |  b
-----+----
3    |  3
4    |  4
null |  5
null |  6

A full outer join will give you the union of A and B, i.e. all the rows in A and all the rows in B. If something in A doesn't have a corresponding datum in B, then the B portion is null, and vice versa.

select * from a FULL OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b;

 a   |  b
-----+-----
   1 | null
   2 | null
   3 |    3
   4 |    4
null |    6
null |    5

The INNER JOIN statement returns only the rows in the two tables that share the same values in the matching columns. An OUTER JOIN returns all the rows from the two tables, and combines them with the matching columns. Another type of outer join is a LEFT OUTER JOIN. A left outer join returns all rows from the left table, and those rows in the right table that share values on the specified column or columns. If there are no matches between the tables, NULLs will be returned for those columns. A RIGHT OUTER JOIN does the same thing as a LEFT OUTER JOIN, but starts with the right table and combines it with all the rows in the left table.

Another type of outer join is a FULL OUTER JOIN. This returns both the rows from the left and right tables, and all values that they do not share will be returned as nulls.

• INNER JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables based on the specified join condition. Only the matching rows are included in the result set.

• OUTER JOIN: Returns all records from one table and the matched records from another table based on the join condition. There are three types of outer joins:

  • LEFT OUTER JOIN (or LEFT JOIN): Returns all records from the left table and the matched records from the right table. If there is no match in the right table, the result will contain null values for the right table's columns.

  • RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or RIGHT JOIN): Similar to LEFT JOIN, but it returns all records from the right table and matched records from the left table. Null values are included for non-matching rows in the left table.

  • FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all records from both tables and includes matching records where available. If there is no match, null values are included for the columns of the table without a matching row.

INNER JOIN:

• Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column.
• Includes only matching rows where there's at least one match in both tables.
• Columns with no matching values are removed.

OUTER JOIN:

• Divides the result set into three parts: matched, non-matched left, and non-matched right.
• Includes all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.
• Uses a specified criterion for determining matches.

LEFT OUTER JOIN:

• All rows from the left table and only matching rows from the right table are shown.
• If there's no match, the right side columns will show NULL values.

RIGHT OUTER JOIN:

• Opposite of a LEFT OUTER JOIN.
• All rows from the right table and only matching ones from the left table are included.

FULL OUTER JOIN:

• Combines ALL rows from BOTH tables.
• Matching rows are where there's a match in EITHER table.
• Includes NULL values where there are no matches.

Difference between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN

INNER JOIN

• Returns only rows where the join condition is satisfied for both tables.
• Filters out rows from both tables that do not have matching values in the join column(s).

OUTER JOIN

• Returns rows from one or both tables, even if there are no matching values in the join column(s).
• There are three types of OUTER JOINs:

Types of OUTER JOINs

LEFT OUTER JOIN

• Returns all rows from the left table and only the matching rows from the right table.
• If there is no matching row in the right table, the right table columns will be filled with NULL values.

RIGHT OUTER JOIN

• Returns all rows from the right table and only the matching rows from the left table.
• If there is no matching row in the left table, the left table columns will be filled with NULL values.

FULL OUTER JOIN

• Returns all rows from both tables, regardless of whether there are matching values in the join column(s).
• If there is no matching row in one of the tables, the columns from that table will be filled with NULL values.

Example

Consider the following tables:

Table1:
| id | name |
|---|---|
| 1  | John  |
| 2  | Mary  |
| 3  | Bob   |

Table2:
| id | address |
|---|---|
| 1  | 123 Main St  |
| 2  | 456 Elm St   |

INNER JOIN

SELECT *
FROM Table1
INNER JOIN Table2 ON Table1.id = Table2.id;

Result:

| id | name | address |
|---|---|---|
| 1  | John  | 123 Main St  |
| 2  | Mary  | 456 Elm St   |

Rows 3 and 4 from Table1 are not included because they do not have matching rows in Table2.

LEFT OUTER JOIN

SELECT *
FROM Table1
LEFT OUTER JOIN Table2 ON Table1.id = Table2.id;

Result:

| id | name | address |
|---|---|---|
| 1  | John  | 123 Main St  |
| 2  | Mary  | 456 Elm St   |
| 3  | Bob   | NULL        |

Row 3 from Table1 is included even though it does not have a matching row in Table2. The address column is filled with NULL.

RIGHT OUTER JOIN

SELECT *
FROM Table1
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Table2 ON Table1.id = Table2.id;

Result:

| id | name | address |
|---|---|---|
| 1  | John  | 123 Main St  |
| 2  | Mary  | 456 Elm St   |
| 4  | NULL  | 456 Elm St   |

Row 4 from Table2 is included even though it does not have a matching row in Table1. The name column is filled with NULL.

FULL OUTER JOIN

SELECT *
FROM Table1
FULL OUTER JOIN Table2 ON Table1.id = Table2.id;

Result:

| id | name | address |
|---|---|---|
| 1  | John  | 123 Main St  |
| 2  | Mary  | 456 Elm St   |
| 3  | Bob   | NULL        |
| 4  | NULL  | 456 Elm St   |

Both rows from Table1 and Table2 are included, even though they do not have matching values in the join column. NULL values are filled in for the columns that do not have matching values.

INNER JOIN

• An INNER JOIN combines rows from two tables where the matching columns have the same values.
• It only returns rows where the join condition is met in both tables.
• It can be used to find exact matches between rows.

Example:

SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id

OUTER JOIN

• An OUTER JOIN combines rows from two tables, even if there is no matching value.
• It returns all rows from the left table, even if there is no match in the right table.
• It can be used to find all possible matches between rows in the two tables.

Example:

SELECT * FROM table1 OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id

LEFT OUTER JOIN

• A LEFT OUTER JOIN combines rows from two tables, including all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.
• It returns all rows from the left table, even if there is no matching value in the right table.
• It can be used to find all possible matches between rows in the two tables.

Example:

SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id

RIGHT OUTER JOIN

• A RIGHT OUTER JOIN combines rows from two tables, including all rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.
• It returns all rows from the right table, even if there is no matching value in the left table.
• It can be used to find all possible matches between rows in the two tables.

Example:

SELECT * FROM table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id

FULL OUTER JOIN

• A FULL OUTER JOIN combines rows from two tables, including all rows from both tables, regardless of whether there is a matching value.
• It can be used to find all possible matches between rows in the two tables.

Example:

SELECT * FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id

Here is a table summarizing the differences between these four joins:

Inner Join vs. Outer Join:

• Inner Join: Selects records that have matching values in both tables.

  • Example: SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

• Left (Outer) Join: Includes all records from the left table and matched records from the right table, with NULL for non-matching rows on the right side.

  • Example: SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

• Right (Outer) Join: Includes all records from the right table and matched records from the left table, with NULL for non-matching rows on the left side.

  • Example: SELECT * FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

• Full (Outer) Join: Includes all records when there is a match in either left or right table, with NULL for non-matching rows on both sides.

  • Example: SELECT * FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

Stack Overflow and GitHub content can provide real-world examples of these joins being used in SQL queries or database design discussions, which may help clarify their practical applications.